Disability and Sport Hypermasculinity Explored Free Essays

string(118) to expand film industry and rental deals, accounts are recorded with homogenizing portrayals and saleable themes. Regardless of whether you incline toward â€Å"the Blade Runner†, â€Å"the Man Without Legs†, â€Å"the Fastest Man on No Legs† or Oscar Pistorius, this youthful man’s story will fill in as a contextual investigation of mainstreaming in ‘disability sports’, explicitly in the film Murderball. Pistorius is a 21-year-old South African underneath the knee amputee who won gold in the 100, 200 and 400 meter occasions at the 2006 Paralympic Athletics World Championships. Pistorius was viewed as being sufficiently quick to win a spot for the 200-and 400-meter runs on South Africa’s Olympic group. We will compose a custom paper test on Handicap and Sport: Hypermasculinity Explored or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Pistorius requested to be permitted to run in the Olympics on the off chance that he would fit the bill for his country’s Olympic group. The world administering body for olympic style sports (IAAF) managed on 14 January 2008 †conjuring its standard 144. 2 which manages specialized guides †â€Å"that twofold amputee runner Oscar Pistorius is ineligible to contend in the Beijing Olympics since his prosthetic hustling legs give him a reasonable serious advantage† (IAAF, 2008). The account of Pistorius well fill in as the case of endeavored mainstreaming of incapacity in sports, on the world class worldwide front. Does the film Muderball gain ground in mainstreaming incapacity through game? The benefits of the film will be dissected through the perspective of the relationship game and inability, just as its undertones for mainstreaming in incapacity. Murderball presents an extraordinary chance to consider portrayals of inability in the contemporary North American setting. The story of the film builds a rugby wheelchair competition between Team U. S. A. , captained by Mark Zupan, and Team Canada, instructed by Joe Soars. Murderball does particularly well in jumbling the thoughts of individuals with incapacities as delicate and powerless, countering ableist suspicions about what people with quadriplegia can achieve. In any case, in light of a nearby perusing of the film, it is proposed that Murderball achieves this disturbance through the festival of ableist, chauvinist and heterosexist tropes. Coming up next is a study the film’s development of the connection between serious global game settings, handicap, and manliness by drawing on hostile to standardizing legislative issues. It is suggested that recoveries of regulating personality in Murderball depend on a jingoistic and rough good position, while exposing themselves to the requirements of commonality. Because of its ubiquity and its topic, the film presents a one of a kind chance to consider portrayals of handicap, through the interesting focal point of game, in the contemporary North American setting. In depicting incapacitated men partaking in an exceptionally chance including physical game in seriously pugnacious patriot settings, the film contrasts from most of North American true to life depictions of inability. As Irving Zola, in his Missing Pieces: A Chronicle of Living With a Disability, brings up that â€Å"the utilization of the idea of threat was faulty, for an essential human rightâ is the privilege to takeâ risks†, a correct which a quadreplegic doesn't give up. Murderball serves to adapt incapacity in such manner. It was convincing to embrace a basic assessment of the film that Murderball works outstandingly well to disturb ideas of individuals with incapacities as delicate and defenseless, and that handicap was refined through the story introduced. Kurt Lindemann and James Cherney (2008) likewise contend that: â€Å"wheelchair rugby is itself an informative demonstration that sends a mind boggling message to both the network of game and our more extensive social aggregates that counters ableist suspicions about what people with quadriplegia can accomplish† (p. 08). Inside the control of inability considers, premises of incapacity have advanced over the most recent a very long while. Nigel Thomas and Andy Smith (2009) note that there has been â€Å"a move from clinical, individualized definitions and belief systems of incapacity to all the more socially developed clarifications of inability, which place greater obligation regarding handicap on standard society† (p. 23). The clini cal model, notwithstanding, isn't without its benefits. Handicap has become a subject in sport humanism with expanding profundity lately. Topics that have ordinarily been tended to include: inability sport strategies, administering bodies, and the open doors for cooperation they give; media depictions of handicap sport; the ways that athlete’s personalities are haggled through clinical and social models of incapacity; and the job sports play in dealing with the derision of competitors with incapacities. Inside the investigation of the human science of game manliness has become a prevailing subject of conversation. David Howe and Carwyn Jones (2006) think about the characterization of impaired competitors into serious classes in novice affiliations and Paralympic rivalry. They guarantee that the International Paralympic Committee has underestimated the handicap sports network by controlling characterization frameworks and forcing limitations on open doors for fair games practice. Their legitimization is, this compromises the belief system of Paralympism while overlooking the strengthening of non-first class competitors (Howe Jones, 2006, p. 44). While giving an examination of sport’s structure, decisions, and reasonableness for members everything being equal, Howard Nixon (2007) advocates for the making of various games open doors for individuals with inabilities. My evaluate of Murderball doesn't reach out to the sport’s administering body, or approaches that impact the game, anyway the contextual analysis of Oscar Pistorius fills this accurate need. How do people with inabilities arrange their personalities through game? Both social and clinical models of inability influence incapacity sport participants’ character arrangement, while achievement in worldwide handicap game may prompt constructive subjectivity, changed self-comprehension, and an expanded feeling of individual strengthening. Much research of investment in inability sports at the school age demonstrates that physical movement is a normalizing experience for these youngsters as it encourages fellowships and social personality (Taub Greer, 2000). The issues of standardizing parts of the portrayal of competitors with handicaps in Murderball shows that individuals with significant incapacities can be forceful and athletic. It must be noticed that the entirety of the individuals with handicaps delineated in Murderball are tip top competitors in worldwide rivalry who are demonstrated making forceful plays on the court and whose off court critique is brimming with macho boasting. The constrained portrayal of individuals with handicaps in famous movies might be incompletely ascribed to the quest for benefit. In endeavor to speak to the biggest crowd conceivable and to expand film industry and rental deals, accounts are documented with homogenizing portrayals and saleable subjects. You read Incapacity and Sport: Hypermasculinity Explored in class Article models Normative accounts permit the most extreme anticipated crowd to identify with the story, by handing-off regular topics, for example, regularizing manliness Murderball buys in to this recognizable plan by putting the competitors at the focal point of an exceptionally traditionalist political venture. The film positions quad-rugby players as commendable subjects of the narrative as per their capacity to partake in a game that requires attestations fitting with regularizing manliness, for example, power, savagery, hypersexuality, and quality. In the interim, The players’ conflicts with generalizations related with handicap is tragically overwhelmed by an apparently steady emphasis of the athletes’ limit with regards to athletic rivalry, and this is exhibited through their game investment and rawness. This arranges the athletes’ adjustment to authoritative manliness in that â€Å"the athletic male body has been a characteristic of intensity and good prevalence for the individuals who bear it† (Dutton in Dworkin ; Wachs, 2000, p. 49). The initial scene adequately delineates the ethos of the film in this regard. Imprint Zupan strips and prepares himself for an exercise. As he dresses in athletic shorts, he takes off his shirt uncovering a characterized white, solid middle, his physical nearness doesn’t appear to be frail or delicate. He is plainly fit for dressing himself, the nonappearance of a sound track is noted as strange for contemporary North American film. This leaves an awkward quietness as backup for a cozy second once in a while delineated on camera. The unimportant certainty that he has an undeniable hindrance and utilizations a wheelchair is additionally atypical for well known film. This quiet visual portrayal gives setting to the film’s opening credits and sets up the essential subject of the film. The awkward picture is diverged from Mark Zupan’s ability to be free and fill the screen with his quality. His enormous intense tattoo is highlighted in the focal point of the image as he lifts his leg with his hands. Zupan amasses a wheelchair featuring its mechanical effectiveness with close up shots of nuts, screws, spokes and a battered metal surface secured with an American banner sticker. An electric engine makes clamor, as the wheels are siphoned up. The name Zupan is attached to the siphon with athletic tape. Despite the fact that he doesn't speak to totally standardizing manliness as a man with a handicap, different parts of his quality in this scene †his quality, his capacity to perform complex specialized assignments independently, and his noisy tattoo and goatee �

Copper Essay -- essays research papers

Copper  â â â â â â â â â Copper is a mineral. it's anything but a plant or a creature. Copper is a metallic metal. It can never be separated into differnet substances by ordinary synthetic methods. Copper was one of the principal metals known to people. Individuals enjoyed it on the grounds that in it’s local condition, it could without much of a stretch be beaten into weapons or devices. Copper has been one of the most helpful metals for over 5000 years. Copper was most likely utilized around 8000 B.C by individuals living along the Tigris and Euphrates streams. In 6000 B.C, Egyptians figured out how to pound copper into things they needed. Around 3500 B.C, People previously figured out how to soften copper with tin to make bronze. So the period between 3000 B.C and 1100 B.C got known as the bronze age.                Today, a portion of the main conditions of the copper business are Arizona with 747,000 short tons, Utah with 187,000 short tons, New Mexico with 161,000 short tons. Some other driving nations are Chile with 1,422,000 short tons, United States with 1,203,000 short tons, Soviet Union with 650,000 short tons, and Zambia with 596,000 short tons.           When copper is being mined, both Native copper and copper mineral are generally found. The most elevated evaluation of copper metal is pale brilliant dim. Diggers used to be consistently in peril in copper mines. Today, we have redu...

How big is One

How big is One As a man walked a desolate beach one cold, gray morning he began to see another figure, far in the distance. Slowly the two approached each other, and he could make out a local native who kept leaning down, picking something up and throwing it out into the water. Time and again he hurled things into the ocean.As the distance between them continued to narrow, the man could see that the native was picking up starfish that had been washed upon the beach and, one at a time, was throwing them back into the water.Puzzled, the man approached the native and asked what he was doing. Im throwing these starfish back into the ocean. You see, its low tide right now and all of these starfish have been washed up onto the shore. If I dont throw them back into the sea, theyll die up here from lack of oxygen. But there must be thousands of starfish on this beach, the man replied. You cant possibly get to all of them. There are just too many. And this same thing is probably happening on hundreds of be aches all up and down this coast. Cant you see that you cant possibly make a difference?The local native smiled, bent down and picked up another starfish, and as he threw it back into the sea he replied, Made a difference to that one!Author UnknownEach of us is but one person: limited, burdened with our own cares and responsibilities. We may feel there is so much to be done, and we have so little to give. Were usually short of everything, especially time and money. When we leave this shore, there will still be millions of starfish stranded on the beach. Maybe we cant change the whole world, but there isnt one of us who cant help change one persons whole world. One at a time. We can make a difference.

College Is The Most Expensive Experience - 1503 Words

College is one of the most expensive experiences most people go through at some point in their lives. Going to college often results in a unspeaking amount of debt from students loans as a result of students being unable to financially pay the school off with their own income. So understandably there is a considerable amount of pressure one encounters when they have to choose a major. They have to choose a major that is going to guarantee them a financial future where they will not only have to rely on their parents for support but they can also pay off their loans after years of taking thousands of dollars to pay off their school. And typically in order to progress throughout college, especially in a field that ends with a career that pays quite well, one has to maintain a certain grade point average in order to properly progress through college. Now considering all of that previous information, if a student finds themselves in a class that is required by their major but is struggli ng to keep up with the curriculum, would it be to anyone’s surprise if the student cheated to get a decent grade in the class? That is what our study explored, the attitudes students have when it came to cheating and plagiarism. We wanted to see the overall concessive when it came to the attitudes the student body had when it came to cheating. The purpose of this research paper was to see if there was a difference between student’s attitudes towards cheating and their respective school whichShow MoreRelatedIs College Worth A College?1254 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the USA college tuition has increased drastically; in the last five years Georgia colleges have had 75% increase along with other states such as Arizona whose tuition has increased by 77% (NPR). Since 2006 the tuition in Utah has increased by 62.8% and is rising throughout the U.S. (Desert News). Between 1885-2016 the price of college has increased between 2.1% to 4.3% per year beyond inflation (CollegeBoard). Through calculations, that equates to about a hundred precent increase sinceRead MoreShould College Be A College?1469 Words   |  6 Pageslife might be. For many young people, college is something that can be a key part of that future. However, right now in our society, a college education is no longer an option or privilege, but rather is seen as a necessity. Young people today are practically raised and conditioned to believe that higher education is the best path in order to succeed in life. Going to college has become a social status with many people going to college to simply be a college student while hoping that their timeRead MoreIs College Expensive For College Debt?975 Words   |  4 PagesIs College Expensive? College is very expensive for many people these days – it is a nightmare. Upon graduation, many students will accrue a huge debt; like the old students, who are reeling with college debt. Most of the old students cannot afford a decent life because their income is not enough to sustain a living while paying a college debt. Some parents have enrolled their children in college investment funds; as an attempt to lessen the future college debt. However, the government claimsRead MoreCommunity College or University?922 Words   |  4 PagesChoosing a college or deciding to even go to college is one of the most stressful things that we have had to do in our lives so far. This is especially stressful when you don’t have the money to pay for college or don’t know what you want to major in. College is very expensive and the costs add up quickly. Community college is less expensive and is not much different than a university. You can start majoring in something in a c ommunity college and then transfer your credits to a university. ManyRead MoreAmerican College Is Worth It?913 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican College is Worth It? In the lasts decades higher education tuition has increased considerably. As a result, most of Americans students finish their bachelor’s degree indebted with student loans. After all the sacrifices and hard work that college students do to graduate, it is uncertain if they will get an acceptable job. Some of colleges students think that the student loan debt is worth it, but some students think the opposite. Students who think that the debt is worth it usually wantRead MoreBenefits Of Higher Education1090 Words   |  5 Pagescase that you dont have to be in college for that long to start working and gain a high paying wage. â€Å"And. beyond money, education seems to make people happier and healthier† (D). Not only does seeking a higher education gets you a higher paying wage it also makes you a happier person. This could work by the interaction with fellow students on the campus and more knowledge than the average human. Money isn’t the only reason why people are happier after college it is also that getting that higherRead MoreHigh School And College Should Have A Greater Chance For Success922 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween high school and college should have a greater chance for success† (S.Hansen). Most of us spend 15 to 16 years in school to get to college. School plays a significant role in our life. We can do so much different things in school such as play sports, volunteer and extracurricular activities. High school and college are significantly different and they are also similar in some ways, for instance they are different academically and socially. College education is very expensive while high school educationRead MoreWhy College Is Becoming More Expens ive938 Words   |  4 Pagesattend college for a higher education and to find a career within their interest. Despite the fact that college is becoming more expensive and many people are not on a full ride scholarship have student loan debt, a college education is necessary. College has the ability to help build skills for a specific career or job. It also teaches students how to get involved with other students and to network. College can open doors for a poorer family. Many jobs today that don t require any college experienceRead More The Benefits of a College Education Essay799 Words   |  4 Pages A respectable college education gives people the advantage to lead themselves in any direction they want to proceed in life. College is a time that students can truly become individuals. They have the opportunity to become more independent and to take on new responsibilities. The bonuses of a college education include more self-confidence, greater economic stability and security, and it makes you a major contributor to the greatest nation on earth. Higher education is good for many thingsRead MoreThe Price Of College Tuition1162 Words   |  5 PagesWe’re at a point of our high school career when we are looking at colleges and thinking about possible careers we want to pursue in the near future. But has the price tag on certain colleges have you thinking â€Å"I can’t afford that†, and made you look the other way? Well, I am here today to show you that the price of college tuition is an investment and will benefit you in your future careers. My opponent here might say that college costs have been increasing, or prestigious universities have priced

The Pros And Cons Of Management - 1002 Words

Respondent rejects recommended sanction †¢ Hearing committee is convened to hear the case by the Title IX Deputy. Respondent accepts recommended sanction †¢ Respondent and complainant review the settlement document and sign it in agreement. †¢ If both parties do not agree with the settlement, a hearing committee will be convened to hear the case. B. Investigative Procedures for Allegations against University Employees Notice/report/information received – Any report or complaint received from a University Employee that alleges the sexual misconduct policy has been violated is reviewed by the Title IX Coordinator. NOTE: The Title IX Coordinator, based on the information received, may also open a complaint at their discretion or at the†¦show more content†¦Formal Investigation – If a formal investigation is deemed appropriate and/or requested, the Title IX Coordinator will contact the Title IX Deputy in Human Resources to begin a thorough and comple te investigation of the complaint. This process is separate from any law enforcement investigations which may be occurring at the same time. This process will not wait for the law enforcement/criminal process to conclude and instead continues separately in a timely manner. The Title IX Deputy in Human Resources will: †¢ interview the complainant. †¢ send a letter of allegation(s) to the respondent and request a meeting to discuss the allegation(s). †¢ interview the respondent. †¢ conduct other investigative tasks as needed (e.g. interviewing witnesses, gathering other relevant information). †¢ determine preponderance and recommended sanction in consultation with the Title IX Coordinator. Post Investigation – After a thorough investigation has been conducted, the Title IX Deputy will meet with the Title IX Coordinator to discuss information obtained. Information is reviewed to determine if the preponderance of evidence standard is met. Preponderanc e of Evidence Standard Met - Finding of Responsibility: †¢ The Title IX Deputy will communicate the recommendation(s) to respondent and complainant in writing. †¢ If the respondent does not agree with the recommended sanction o The Title IX Deputy will refer the respondent to the Chancellor for an appeal. †¢ If theShow MoreRelatedScientific Management: Pros and Cons1415 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Winslow Taylor (1865 - 1915) define Scientific Management or Taylorism with 4 principles as explained in appendix A. His principles were than perfected by Henry Ford which known as Fordism, and it showed the world it could be applied and with great success. Although now it s being diluted with different theories and principles in modern era, but the main core principles is still widely used around the world as it brings a certain degree of success and not as a trial an error method. Read MoreManagement : The Team Leader, You Have Weighed The Pros And Cons Of All Options830 Words   |  4 Pagesleader, you have weighed the pros and cons of all options and prepared a presentation to management on how to address this problem. What do you suggest? After generating my chart package on the plan forward in the matter of the employee John, a meeting would be scheduled with corporate counsel and human resources for a review to ensure the company would be protected from a civil law suit and not to impinge on John’s civil liberties and rights. My recommendation to management would be to terminate John’sRead Morethe pros and cons of a database management system (DBMS) for a new a newly established multi-campus Mpokeleshi University library in Muchinga province of Zambia.1989 Words   |  8 Pagesis an attempt to present a position paper about the pros and cons of a database management system (DBMS) for a new a newly established multi-campus Mpokeleshi University library in Muchinga province of Zambia. It further gives sufficiently clear arguments to enable the vice-chancellor make an informed decision on the way forward. The paper will first define the major concepts under review before outlining the pros and cons of a database management system (DBMS) and finally give sufficiently clearRead MoreHealthcare Workers Vs. Non Health Care Workers Essay816 Words   |  4 Pagescare spending (three-quarters of which is spent to the Medicaid and Medicare recipients), consumers pay 14 percent out of their pocket and private insurers pay more than 35 percent of the health expenses. (Michael, 2008). Pros and cons of working in the health care field: Pros: Ranging from small town physician practices to large, urban medical centers, health care industry offers varied employment opportunities. Most health care jobs provide medical and other benefits such as short term and longRead MoreBenefits Of A Healthcare Manager887 Words   |  4 Pagesable to improve and help in providing appropriate patient care. They plan, direct, and coordinate medical and health services making them an important asset to the healthcare field in general. However, just like any other job position, there are pros and cons to being a healthcare manager. But with the responsibility over facilities, services, staff, and budgets, a healthcare manager tremendously affects daily healthcare operations. Overall, the healthcare manager is an important member of the healthcareRead MoreHow Business With The Right E Commerce Platform Essay1251 Words   |  6 Pageswho still wants to be the bread-winner of your family. It’s never late to start weaving your dream with just a bit of knowledge about e-commerce platform is all you need. For which I am here to enlighten you about e-commerce platform and there pros and cons. Things you should know about E-commerce Platforms Before starting you should know what e-commerce platform is? Similar to brick and mortar shop, e-commerce or electronic commerce is a software solution that offers merchants to build a storefrontRead MoreEssay on Pros and Cons of E-Commerce556 Words   |  3 Pages Pros and Cons of E-Commerce nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Electronic commerce or e-commerce involves the buying and selling of products or services over the internet. Put simply, e-commerce means conducting business online. E-commerce software programs run the main functions of an e-commerce web site, including product display, online ordering, and inventory management. This software resides on a commerce server and works in conjunction with online payment systems to process payments. E-CommerceRead MoreBenefits Of Employees And Wellness Programs763 Words   |  4 PagesMany healthcare organizations are using ROI and VOI (Return on Investment and Value of Investment) methods to measure and justify investment in health management and wellness programs. ROI refers to a financial measurement or size of a return relative to an investment (Nash, et al., 2016). VOI refers to the overall value received (considers both financial and intangible benefits) on any given financial investment (Grossmeier, 2015). ROI based organi zations justify the aforementioned investments onlyRead MoreStaffing Policies - Pros N Cons1319 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pros and Cons of International Staffing 1. Introduction There has been a rapid pace of internationalization and globalization over the last decade. Expanding business operations beyond national boundaries while continuing commitment to local markets requires more complex business structures. One of the most critical determinants of an organization s success in global ventures is the effective management of its human resources. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the advantagesRead MoreAssessing A Career In Business: Project Management. Project1584 Words   |  7 Pagesa Career in Business: Project Management Project management is the discipline of using policies and procedures to manage a project from creation to competition. The intent of this paper is to assess the role of a project manager and determine if I am well suited for a career in project management. To achieve this goal, I will be discussing the following areas: job description, general career path, education requirements, salary, career outlook, and the pros and cons. I will also be interviewing a

Some Like It Hot Free Essays

You must complete BOTH parts of this section. Format: – Each part must be written under the separate headings. – Present each of your observations as a bullet point. We will write a custom essay sample on Some Like It Hot or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each bullet point should identify your observation, indicate how and why this technique is used, and note the significance of this technique. – Note that you only have appear. 0 words per bullet point, since all ten bullet points are limited to 500 words, so you must be concise. – Each part has a series of terms/concepts which are there to help you think about the points you want to make. You do not have to discuss each of these terms; they are provided as a guideline. – You must write about the SAME film that you choose for your close reading in Section II. A) Sound (5 marks, or 1/3 of 1 5%) Using bullet points, identify five (5) key elements of the way that sound, music, dialogue and/or silence are used in the sequence, and provide concise examples. If relevant, you may also consider film elements that stand in for sound, such as silent film titles. Possible elements you may (but do not have to) consider in your five observations: dietetic and non-dietetic sound synchronous and asynchronous sound music dialogue silence sound-image relations effect of soundtrack on characterization, etc. Onscreen and officered sound Using bullet points, identify five (5) key elements of editing in the sequence and briefly note the significance of the way each is used. Order of shots duration of shots shot transitions (I. E. , type of cut) nonentity editing or breaks in continuity rhythm and pace of the edit editing principles effects of cuts, etc. Short Essay (500 words) Putting It All Together (5 marks, or 1/3 of 1 5%) Write a short essay, with a brief introductory and concluding statement, that interprets your selected sequence in relation to the film’s narration and thematic concerns. Taking into consideration soundtrack and editing, discuss how this sequence elaborates the narrative meaning and main themes of the film as a whole. You should focus your points on the selected sequence, but strive to make injections to other parts of the film when/as relevant. You may draw on your technical observations from Section I to support your points here, but do not simply repeat your bullet points from the earlier section. Possible questions to consider (this is a guideline only, to help with brainstorming): What tools of narration are used? How does editing function as a tool of narration in this sequence? How does soundtrack support and affect the narration? What is the function of the sequence in the overall narrative structure of the film? Hint: You MUST watch the clip provided several times to do well on this assignment. To have a clear understanding of what your chosen film clip is about and how it fits within the narrative context, you will need to watch the whole film. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA the criteria below. What we’re looking for in Section l: accurate technical understanding insightful analysis (that is, how well you interpret the significance of the techniques rather than Just describing them) good choice of examples (from the clip) substance with succinctness (appear. 50 words per bullet point) What we’re looking for in Section II: analysis of how technical elements (e. G. Ration, editing, sound) work in combination with one another engagement with film theme(s) as supported by technical observations coherent essay structure focused on insightful, key points clarity of prose and correct English usage How to cite Some Like It Hot, Papers

Wind Power Essays (1059 words) - Wind Turbines, Renewable Energy

Wind Power Energy is the ability to do work. It surrounds us in all aspect of life. However, the ability to harness it and use it, as economically as possible, is the challenge before mankind. Alternative energy refers to energy sources, which are not based on the burning of fossil fuels or the splitting of atoms. The renewed interest in this field of study comes from the undesirable effects of pollution both from burning fossil fuels and nuclear waste by products. Fortunately, there are many means of harnessing energy that have less damaging impacts on the environment. One example wind power. Wind energy is a clean and renewable source of electric power and is also the worlds fastest growing energy source. More then five thousands years ago, the Egyptians used the wind to sail ships on the Nile. Later, people built the first turbines and used the wind to grind grain. These machines looked like paddle wheels and were used in Persia as early as 200 BC. By the fourteenth century, the Dutch had taken the lead in improving the design of windmills. They invented propeller type blades and used wind power to drain the marshes and lakes of the Rhone River delta. In America, Early European settlers used windmills to grind wheat and corn, to pump water, and to cut wood at sawmills. By the early twentieth century, small windmills were used for pumping water and electric power generation in Europe, the United States, Africa, and elsewhere. In addition to thousand of small wind electric generators, a few larger systems were built in North America and Europe. In the 1970s, the increase in oil and fossil fuel prices helped wind power return as an economical alternative energy source. Governments all around the world, especially in North America and Europe, instituted research and development programs. These efforts led to the development of modern wind turbines, which have dramatically reduced the cost of generating electricity from wind power. A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns a blade, which spins a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity. Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups, the horizontal axis and the vertical axis design. Horizontal axis wind turbines have blades that spin in a vertical plane like airplane propellers. The blades have a special shape so that when wind passes over them, it moves more rapidly over one side. This creates a low pressure behind the blade and a high-pressure area in front of it. The difference between these two pressures causes the blades to spin. The blades of a vertical axis wind machine work on the same principles as horizontal axis machine. The shape of the blades causes the pressure to differ when the wind blows over them. This causes the assembly to spin. In a vertical axis machine, however, the blades spin in a plane that is parallel to the ground like an eggbeater. Wind turbines are made in a variety of sizes, and therefor power ratings. The largest machine, such as the one built in Hawaii, has propellers that span more than the length of a football field and stands twenty stories high. It also produces enough electricity to power fourteen hundred homes. A small home sized wind machine has rotators between 8 and 25 feet in diameter. It stand upward of 30 feet and can supply the power needs of an all electric home or small business. Wind energy is also a partial solution to environmental problems. The electric Power Research Institute has stated that Alone among the alternative energy technologies wind power offers pollution free electricity that is nearly cost competitive with todays conventional sources. In 1991, for example, Californias wind power plants offset the emission of more than 2.8 billion pounds of carbon dioxide. These same wind plants offset sixteen million pounds of nitrogen oxide, sulferdioxide, and particles. It would take a forest of one hundred and seventy five million trees to provide the same air quality. The environment, however, is not the only benefit wind turbines offer. Wind energy is already one of the most cost competitive renewable