Disability and Sport Hypermasculinity Explored Free Essays

string(118) to expand film industry and rental deals, accounts are recorded with homogenizing portrayals and saleable themes. Regardless of whether you incline toward â€Å"the Blade Runner†, â€Å"the Man Without Legs†, â€Å"the Fastest Man on No Legs† or Oscar Pistorius, this youthful man’s story will fill in as a contextual investigation of mainstreaming in ‘disability sports’, explicitly in the film Murderball. Pistorius is a 21-year-old South African underneath the knee amputee who won gold in the 100, 200 and 400 meter occasions at the 2006 Paralympic Athletics World Championships. Pistorius was viewed as being sufficiently quick to win a spot for the 200-and 400-meter runs on South Africa’s Olympic group. We will compose a custom paper test on Handicap and Sport: Hypermasculinity Explored or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Pistorius requested to be permitted to run in the Olympics on the off chance that he would fit the bill for his country’s Olympic group. The world administering body for olympic style sports (IAAF) managed on 14 January 2008 †conjuring its standard 144. 2 which manages specialized guides †â€Å"that twofold amputee runner Oscar Pistorius is ineligible to contend in the Beijing Olympics since his prosthetic hustling legs give him a reasonable serious advantage† (IAAF, 2008). The account of Pistorius well fill in as the case of endeavored mainstreaming of incapacity in sports, on the world class worldwide front. Does the film Muderball gain ground in mainstreaming incapacity through game? The benefits of the film will be dissected through the perspective of the relationship game and inability, just as its undertones for mainstreaming in incapacity. Murderball presents an extraordinary chance to consider portrayals of inability in the contemporary North American setting. The story of the film builds a rugby wheelchair competition between Team U. S. A. , captained by Mark Zupan, and Team Canada, instructed by Joe Soars. Murderball does particularly well in jumbling the thoughts of individuals with incapacities as delicate and powerless, countering ableist suspicions about what people with quadriplegia can achieve. In any case, in light of a nearby perusing of the film, it is proposed that Murderball achieves this disturbance through the festival of ableist, chauvinist and heterosexist tropes. Coming up next is a study the film’s development of the connection between serious global game settings, handicap, and manliness by drawing on hostile to standardizing legislative issues. It is suggested that recoveries of regulating personality in Murderball depend on a jingoistic and rough good position, while exposing themselves to the requirements of commonality. Because of its ubiquity and its topic, the film presents a one of a kind chance to consider portrayals of handicap, through the interesting focal point of game, in the contemporary North American setting. In depicting incapacitated men partaking in an exceptionally chance including physical game in seriously pugnacious patriot settings, the film contrasts from most of North American true to life depictions of inability. As Irving Zola, in his Missing Pieces: A Chronicle of Living With a Disability, brings up that â€Å"the utilization of the idea of threat was faulty, for an essential human rightâ is the privilege to takeâ risks†, a correct which a quadreplegic doesn't give up. Murderball serves to adapt incapacity in such manner. It was convincing to embrace a basic assessment of the film that Murderball works outstandingly well to disturb ideas of individuals with incapacities as delicate and defenseless, and that handicap was refined through the story introduced. Kurt Lindemann and James Cherney (2008) likewise contend that: â€Å"wheelchair rugby is itself an informative demonstration that sends a mind boggling message to both the network of game and our more extensive social aggregates that counters ableist suspicions about what people with quadriplegia can accomplish† (p. 08). Inside the control of inability considers, premises of incapacity have advanced over the most recent a very long while. Nigel Thomas and Andy Smith (2009) note that there has been â€Å"a move from clinical, individualized definitions and belief systems of incapacity to all the more socially developed clarifications of inability, which place greater obligation regarding handicap on standard society† (p. 23). The clini cal model, notwithstanding, isn't without its benefits. Handicap has become a subject in sport humanism with expanding profundity lately. Topics that have ordinarily been tended to include: inability sport strategies, administering bodies, and the open doors for cooperation they give; media depictions of handicap sport; the ways that athlete’s personalities are haggled through clinical and social models of incapacity; and the job sports play in dealing with the derision of competitors with incapacities. Inside the investigation of the human science of game manliness has become a prevailing subject of conversation. David Howe and Carwyn Jones (2006) think about the characterization of impaired competitors into serious classes in novice affiliations and Paralympic rivalry. They guarantee that the International Paralympic Committee has underestimated the handicap sports network by controlling characterization frameworks and forcing limitations on open doors for fair games practice. Their legitimization is, this compromises the belief system of Paralympism while overlooking the strengthening of non-first class competitors (Howe Jones, 2006, p. 44). While giving an examination of sport’s structure, decisions, and reasonableness for members everything being equal, Howard Nixon (2007) advocates for the making of various games open doors for individuals with inabilities. My evaluate of Murderball doesn't reach out to the sport’s administering body, or approaches that impact the game, anyway the contextual analysis of Oscar Pistorius fills this accurate need. How do people with inabilities arrange their personalities through game? Both social and clinical models of inability influence incapacity sport participants’ character arrangement, while achievement in worldwide handicap game may prompt constructive subjectivity, changed self-comprehension, and an expanded feeling of individual strengthening. Much research of investment in inability sports at the school age demonstrates that physical movement is a normalizing experience for these youngsters as it encourages fellowships and social personality (Taub Greer, 2000). The issues of standardizing parts of the portrayal of competitors with handicaps in Murderball shows that individuals with significant incapacities can be forceful and athletic. It must be noticed that the entirety of the individuals with handicaps delineated in Murderball are tip top competitors in worldwide rivalry who are demonstrated making forceful plays on the court and whose off court critique is brimming with macho boasting. The constrained portrayal of individuals with handicaps in famous movies might be incompletely ascribed to the quest for benefit. In endeavor to speak to the biggest crowd conceivable and to expand film industry and rental deals, accounts are documented with homogenizing portrayals and saleable subjects. You read Incapacity and Sport: Hypermasculinity Explored in class Article models Normative accounts permit the most extreme anticipated crowd to identify with the story, by handing-off regular topics, for example, regularizing manliness Murderball buys in to this recognizable plan by putting the competitors at the focal point of an exceptionally traditionalist political venture. The film positions quad-rugby players as commendable subjects of the narrative as per their capacity to partake in a game that requires attestations fitting with regularizing manliness, for example, power, savagery, hypersexuality, and quality. In the interim, The players’ conflicts with generalizations related with handicap is tragically overwhelmed by an apparently steady emphasis of the athletes’ limit with regards to athletic rivalry, and this is exhibited through their game investment and rawness. This arranges the athletes’ adjustment to authoritative manliness in that â€Å"the athletic male body has been a characteristic of intensity and good prevalence for the individuals who bear it† (Dutton in Dworkin ; Wachs, 2000, p. 49). The initial scene adequately delineates the ethos of the film in this regard. Imprint Zupan strips and prepares himself for an exercise. As he dresses in athletic shorts, he takes off his shirt uncovering a characterized white, solid middle, his physical nearness doesn’t appear to be frail or delicate. He is plainly fit for dressing himself, the nonappearance of a sound track is noted as strange for contemporary North American film. This leaves an awkward quietness as backup for a cozy second once in a while delineated on camera. The unimportant certainty that he has an undeniable hindrance and utilizations a wheelchair is additionally atypical for well known film. This quiet visual portrayal gives setting to the film’s opening credits and sets up the essential subject of the film. The awkward picture is diverged from Mark Zupan’s ability to be free and fill the screen with his quality. His enormous intense tattoo is highlighted in the focal point of the image as he lifts his leg with his hands. Zupan amasses a wheelchair featuring its mechanical effectiveness with close up shots of nuts, screws, spokes and a battered metal surface secured with an American banner sticker. An electric engine makes clamor, as the wheels are siphoned up. The name Zupan is attached to the siphon with athletic tape. Despite the fact that he doesn't speak to totally standardizing manliness as a man with a handicap, different parts of his quality in this scene †his quality, his capacity to perform complex specialized assignments independently, and his noisy tattoo and goatee �

Copper Essay -- essays research papers

Copper  â â â â â â â â â Copper is a mineral. it's anything but a plant or a creature. Copper is a metallic metal. It can never be separated into differnet substances by ordinary synthetic methods. Copper was one of the principal metals known to people. Individuals enjoyed it on the grounds that in it’s local condition, it could without much of a stretch be beaten into weapons or devices. Copper has been one of the most helpful metals for over 5000 years. Copper was most likely utilized around 8000 B.C by individuals living along the Tigris and Euphrates streams. In 6000 B.C, Egyptians figured out how to pound copper into things they needed. Around 3500 B.C, People previously figured out how to soften copper with tin to make bronze. So the period between 3000 B.C and 1100 B.C got known as the bronze age.                Today, a portion of the main conditions of the copper business are Arizona with 747,000 short tons, Utah with 187,000 short tons, New Mexico with 161,000 short tons. Some other driving nations are Chile with 1,422,000 short tons, United States with 1,203,000 short tons, Soviet Union with 650,000 short tons, and Zambia with 596,000 short tons.           When copper is being mined, both Native copper and copper mineral are generally found. The most elevated evaluation of copper metal is pale brilliant dim. Diggers used to be consistently in peril in copper mines. Today, we have redu...

How big is One

How big is One As a man walked a desolate beach one cold, gray morning he began to see another figure, far in the distance. Slowly the two approached each other, and he could make out a local native who kept leaning down, picking something up and throwing it out into the water. Time and again he hurled things into the ocean.As the distance between them continued to narrow, the man could see that the native was picking up starfish that had been washed upon the beach and, one at a time, was throwing them back into the water.Puzzled, the man approached the native and asked what he was doing. Im throwing these starfish back into the ocean. You see, its low tide right now and all of these starfish have been washed up onto the shore. If I dont throw them back into the sea, theyll die up here from lack of oxygen. But there must be thousands of starfish on this beach, the man replied. You cant possibly get to all of them. There are just too many. And this same thing is probably happening on hundreds of be aches all up and down this coast. Cant you see that you cant possibly make a difference?The local native smiled, bent down and picked up another starfish, and as he threw it back into the sea he replied, Made a difference to that one!Author UnknownEach of us is but one person: limited, burdened with our own cares and responsibilities. We may feel there is so much to be done, and we have so little to give. Were usually short of everything, especially time and money. When we leave this shore, there will still be millions of starfish stranded on the beach. Maybe we cant change the whole world, but there isnt one of us who cant help change one persons whole world. One at a time. We can make a difference.

College Is The Most Expensive Experience - 1503 Words

College is one of the most expensive experiences most people go through at some point in their lives. Going to college often results in a unspeaking amount of debt from students loans as a result of students being unable to financially pay the school off with their own income. So understandably there is a considerable amount of pressure one encounters when they have to choose a major. They have to choose a major that is going to guarantee them a financial future where they will not only have to rely on their parents for support but they can also pay off their loans after years of taking thousands of dollars to pay off their school. And typically in order to progress throughout college, especially in a field that ends with a career that pays quite well, one has to maintain a certain grade point average in order to properly progress through college. Now considering all of that previous information, if a student finds themselves in a class that is required by their major but is struggli ng to keep up with the curriculum, would it be to anyone’s surprise if the student cheated to get a decent grade in the class? That is what our study explored, the attitudes students have when it came to cheating and plagiarism. We wanted to see the overall concessive when it came to the attitudes the student body had when it came to cheating. The purpose of this research paper was to see if there was a difference between student’s attitudes towards cheating and their respective school whichShow MoreRelatedIs College Worth A College?1254 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the USA college tuition has increased drastically; in the last five years Georgia colleges have had 75% increase along with other states such as Arizona whose tuition has increased by 77% (NPR). Since 2006 the tuition in Utah has increased by 62.8% and is rising throughout the U.S. (Desert News). Between 1885-2016 the price of college has increased between 2.1% to 4.3% per year beyond inflation (CollegeBoard). Through calculations, that equates to about a hundred precent increase sinceRead MoreShould College Be A College?1469 Words   |  6 Pageslife might be. For many young people, college is something that can be a key part of that future. However, right now in our society, a college education is no longer an option or privilege, but rather is seen as a necessity. Young people today are practically raised and conditioned to believe that higher education is the best path in order to succeed in life. Going to college has become a social status with many people going to college to simply be a college student while hoping that their timeRead MoreIs College Expensive For College Debt?975 Words   |  4 PagesIs College Expensive? College is very expensive for many people these days – it is a nightmare. Upon graduation, many students will accrue a huge debt; like the old students, who are reeling with college debt. Most of the old students cannot afford a decent life because their income is not enough to sustain a living while paying a college debt. Some parents have enrolled their children in college investment funds; as an attempt to lessen the future college debt. However, the government claimsRead MoreCommunity College or University?922 Words   |  4 PagesChoosing a college or deciding to even go to college is one of the most stressful things that we have had to do in our lives so far. This is especially stressful when you don’t have the money to pay for college or don’t know what you want to major in. College is very expensive and the costs add up quickly. Community college is less expensive and is not much different than a university. You can start majoring in something in a c ommunity college and then transfer your credits to a university. ManyRead MoreAmerican College Is Worth It?913 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican College is Worth It? In the lasts decades higher education tuition has increased considerably. As a result, most of Americans students finish their bachelor’s degree indebted with student loans. After all the sacrifices and hard work that college students do to graduate, it is uncertain if they will get an acceptable job. Some of colleges students think that the student loan debt is worth it, but some students think the opposite. Students who think that the debt is worth it usually wantRead MoreBenefits Of Higher Education1090 Words   |  5 Pagescase that you dont have to be in college for that long to start working and gain a high paying wage. â€Å"And. beyond money, education seems to make people happier and healthier† (D). Not only does seeking a higher education gets you a higher paying wage it also makes you a happier person. This could work by the interaction with fellow students on the campus and more knowledge than the average human. Money isn’t the only reason why people are happier after college it is also that getting that higherRead MoreHigh School And College Should Have A Greater Chance For Success922 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween high school and college should have a greater chance for success† (S.Hansen). Most of us spend 15 to 16 years in school to get to college. School plays a significant role in our life. We can do so much different things in school such as play sports, volunteer and extracurricular activities. High school and college are significantly different and they are also similar in some ways, for instance they are different academically and socially. College education is very expensive while high school educationRead MoreWhy College Is Becoming More Expens ive938 Words   |  4 Pagesattend college for a higher education and to find a career within their interest. Despite the fact that college is becoming more expensive and many people are not on a full ride scholarship have student loan debt, a college education is necessary. College has the ability to help build skills for a specific career or job. It also teaches students how to get involved with other students and to network. College can open doors for a poorer family. Many jobs today that don t require any college experienceRead More The Benefits of a College Education Essay799 Words   |  4 Pages A respectable college education gives people the advantage to lead themselves in any direction they want to proceed in life. College is a time that students can truly become individuals. They have the opportunity to become more independent and to take on new responsibilities. The bonuses of a college education include more self-confidence, greater economic stability and security, and it makes you a major contributor to the greatest nation on earth. Higher education is good for many thingsRead MoreThe Price Of College Tuition1162 Words   |  5 PagesWe’re at a point of our high school career when we are looking at colleges and thinking about possible careers we want to pursue in the near future. But has the price tag on certain colleges have you thinking â€Å"I can’t afford that†, and made you look the other way? Well, I am here today to show you that the price of college tuition is an investment and will benefit you in your future careers. My opponent here might say that college costs have been increasing, or prestigious universities have priced

The Pros And Cons Of Management - 1002 Words

Respondent rejects recommended sanction †¢ Hearing committee is convened to hear the case by the Title IX Deputy. Respondent accepts recommended sanction †¢ Respondent and complainant review the settlement document and sign it in agreement. †¢ If both parties do not agree with the settlement, a hearing committee will be convened to hear the case. B. Investigative Procedures for Allegations against University Employees Notice/report/information received – Any report or complaint received from a University Employee that alleges the sexual misconduct policy has been violated is reviewed by the Title IX Coordinator. NOTE: The Title IX Coordinator, based on the information received, may also open a complaint at their discretion or at the†¦show more content†¦Formal Investigation – If a formal investigation is deemed appropriate and/or requested, the Title IX Coordinator will contact the Title IX Deputy in Human Resources to begin a thorough and comple te investigation of the complaint. This process is separate from any law enforcement investigations which may be occurring at the same time. This process will not wait for the law enforcement/criminal process to conclude and instead continues separately in a timely manner. The Title IX Deputy in Human Resources will: †¢ interview the complainant. †¢ send a letter of allegation(s) to the respondent and request a meeting to discuss the allegation(s). †¢ interview the respondent. †¢ conduct other investigative tasks as needed (e.g. interviewing witnesses, gathering other relevant information). †¢ determine preponderance and recommended sanction in consultation with the Title IX Coordinator. Post Investigation – After a thorough investigation has been conducted, the Title IX Deputy will meet with the Title IX Coordinator to discuss information obtained. Information is reviewed to determine if the preponderance of evidence standard is met. Preponderanc e of Evidence Standard Met - Finding of Responsibility: †¢ The Title IX Deputy will communicate the recommendation(s) to respondent and complainant in writing. †¢ If the respondent does not agree with the recommended sanction o The Title IX Deputy will refer the respondent to the Chancellor for an appeal. †¢ If theShow MoreRelatedScientific Management: Pros and Cons1415 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Winslow Taylor (1865 - 1915) define Scientific Management or Taylorism with 4 principles as explained in appendix A. His principles were than perfected by Henry Ford which known as Fordism, and it showed the world it could be applied and with great success. Although now it s being diluted with different theories and principles in modern era, but the main core principles is still widely used around the world as it brings a certain degree of success and not as a trial an error method. Read MoreManagement : The Team Leader, You Have Weighed The Pros And Cons Of All Options830 Words   |  4 Pagesleader, you have weighed the pros and cons of all options and prepared a presentation to management on how to address this problem. What do you suggest? After generating my chart package on the plan forward in the matter of the employee John, a meeting would be scheduled with corporate counsel and human resources for a review to ensure the company would be protected from a civil law suit and not to impinge on John’s civil liberties and rights. My recommendation to management would be to terminate John’sRead Morethe pros and cons of a database management system (DBMS) for a new a newly established multi-campus Mpokeleshi University library in Muchinga province of Zambia.1989 Words   |  8 Pagesis an attempt to present a position paper about the pros and cons of a database management system (DBMS) for a new a newly established multi-campus Mpokeleshi University library in Muchinga province of Zambia. It further gives sufficiently clear arguments to enable the vice-chancellor make an informed decision on the way forward. The paper will first define the major concepts under review before outlining the pros and cons of a database management system (DBMS) and finally give sufficiently clearRead MoreHealthcare Workers Vs. Non Health Care Workers Essay816 Words   |  4 Pagescare spending (three-quarters of which is spent to the Medicaid and Medicare recipients), consumers pay 14 percent out of their pocket and private insurers pay more than 35 percent of the health expenses. (Michael, 2008). Pros and cons of working in the health care field: Pros: Ranging from small town physician practices to large, urban medical centers, health care industry offers varied employment opportunities. Most health care jobs provide medical and other benefits such as short term and longRead MoreBenefits Of A Healthcare Manager887 Words   |  4 Pagesable to improve and help in providing appropriate patient care. They plan, direct, and coordinate medical and health services making them an important asset to the healthcare field in general. However, just like any other job position, there are pros and cons to being a healthcare manager. But with the responsibility over facilities, services, staff, and budgets, a healthcare manager tremendously affects daily healthcare operations. Overall, the healthcare manager is an important member of the healthcareRead MoreHow Business With The Right E Commerce Platform Essay1251 Words   |  6 Pageswho still wants to be the bread-winner of your family. It’s never late to start weaving your dream with just a bit of knowledge about e-commerce platform is all you need. For which I am here to enlighten you about e-commerce platform and there pros and cons. Things you should know about E-commerce Platforms Before starting you should know what e-commerce platform is? Similar to brick and mortar shop, e-commerce or electronic commerce is a software solution that offers merchants to build a storefrontRead MoreEssay on Pros and Cons of E-Commerce556 Words   |  3 Pages Pros and Cons of E-Commerce nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Electronic commerce or e-commerce involves the buying and selling of products or services over the internet. Put simply, e-commerce means conducting business online. E-commerce software programs run the main functions of an e-commerce web site, including product display, online ordering, and inventory management. This software resides on a commerce server and works in conjunction with online payment systems to process payments. E-CommerceRead MoreBenefits Of Employees And Wellness Programs763 Words   |  4 PagesMany healthcare organizations are using ROI and VOI (Return on Investment and Value of Investment) methods to measure and justify investment in health management and wellness programs. ROI refers to a financial measurement or size of a return relative to an investment (Nash, et al., 2016). VOI refers to the overall value received (considers both financial and intangible benefits) on any given financial investment (Grossmeier, 2015). ROI based organi zations justify the aforementioned investments onlyRead MoreStaffing Policies - Pros N Cons1319 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pros and Cons of International Staffing 1. Introduction There has been a rapid pace of internationalization and globalization over the last decade. Expanding business operations beyond national boundaries while continuing commitment to local markets requires more complex business structures. One of the most critical determinants of an organization s success in global ventures is the effective management of its human resources. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the advantagesRead MoreAssessing A Career In Business: Project Management. Project1584 Words   |  7 Pagesa Career in Business: Project Management Project management is the discipline of using policies and procedures to manage a project from creation to competition. The intent of this paper is to assess the role of a project manager and determine if I am well suited for a career in project management. To achieve this goal, I will be discussing the following areas: job description, general career path, education requirements, salary, career outlook, and the pros and cons. I will also be interviewing a

Some Like It Hot Free Essays

You must complete BOTH parts of this section. Format: – Each part must be written under the separate headings. – Present each of your observations as a bullet point. We will write a custom essay sample on Some Like It Hot or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each bullet point should identify your observation, indicate how and why this technique is used, and note the significance of this technique. – Note that you only have appear. 0 words per bullet point, since all ten bullet points are limited to 500 words, so you must be concise. – Each part has a series of terms/concepts which are there to help you think about the points you want to make. You do not have to discuss each of these terms; they are provided as a guideline. – You must write about the SAME film that you choose for your close reading in Section II. A) Sound (5 marks, or 1/3 of 1 5%) Using bullet points, identify five (5) key elements of the way that sound, music, dialogue and/or silence are used in the sequence, and provide concise examples. If relevant, you may also consider film elements that stand in for sound, such as silent film titles. Possible elements you may (but do not have to) consider in your five observations: dietetic and non-dietetic sound synchronous and asynchronous sound music dialogue silence sound-image relations effect of soundtrack on characterization, etc. Onscreen and officered sound Using bullet points, identify five (5) key elements of editing in the sequence and briefly note the significance of the way each is used. Order of shots duration of shots shot transitions (I. E. , type of cut) nonentity editing or breaks in continuity rhythm and pace of the edit editing principles effects of cuts, etc. Short Essay (500 words) Putting It All Together (5 marks, or 1/3 of 1 5%) Write a short essay, with a brief introductory and concluding statement, that interprets your selected sequence in relation to the film’s narration and thematic concerns. Taking into consideration soundtrack and editing, discuss how this sequence elaborates the narrative meaning and main themes of the film as a whole. You should focus your points on the selected sequence, but strive to make injections to other parts of the film when/as relevant. You may draw on your technical observations from Section I to support your points here, but do not simply repeat your bullet points from the earlier section. Possible questions to consider (this is a guideline only, to help with brainstorming): What tools of narration are used? How does editing function as a tool of narration in this sequence? How does soundtrack support and affect the narration? What is the function of the sequence in the overall narrative structure of the film? Hint: You MUST watch the clip provided several times to do well on this assignment. To have a clear understanding of what your chosen film clip is about and how it fits within the narrative context, you will need to watch the whole film. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA the criteria below. What we’re looking for in Section l: accurate technical understanding insightful analysis (that is, how well you interpret the significance of the techniques rather than Just describing them) good choice of examples (from the clip) substance with succinctness (appear. 50 words per bullet point) What we’re looking for in Section II: analysis of how technical elements (e. G. Ration, editing, sound) work in combination with one another engagement with film theme(s) as supported by technical observations coherent essay structure focused on insightful, key points clarity of prose and correct English usage How to cite Some Like It Hot, Papers

Wind Power Essays (1059 words) - Wind Turbines, Renewable Energy

Wind Power Energy is the ability to do work. It surrounds us in all aspect of life. However, the ability to harness it and use it, as economically as possible, is the challenge before mankind. Alternative energy refers to energy sources, which are not based on the burning of fossil fuels or the splitting of atoms. The renewed interest in this field of study comes from the undesirable effects of pollution both from burning fossil fuels and nuclear waste by products. Fortunately, there are many means of harnessing energy that have less damaging impacts on the environment. One example wind power. Wind energy is a clean and renewable source of electric power and is also the worlds fastest growing energy source. More then five thousands years ago, the Egyptians used the wind to sail ships on the Nile. Later, people built the first turbines and used the wind to grind grain. These machines looked like paddle wheels and were used in Persia as early as 200 BC. By the fourteenth century, the Dutch had taken the lead in improving the design of windmills. They invented propeller type blades and used wind power to drain the marshes and lakes of the Rhone River delta. In America, Early European settlers used windmills to grind wheat and corn, to pump water, and to cut wood at sawmills. By the early twentieth century, small windmills were used for pumping water and electric power generation in Europe, the United States, Africa, and elsewhere. In addition to thousand of small wind electric generators, a few larger systems were built in North America and Europe. In the 1970s, the increase in oil and fossil fuel prices helped wind power return as an economical alternative energy source. Governments all around the world, especially in North America and Europe, instituted research and development programs. These efforts led to the development of modern wind turbines, which have dramatically reduced the cost of generating electricity from wind power. A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns a blade, which spins a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity. Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups, the horizontal axis and the vertical axis design. Horizontal axis wind turbines have blades that spin in a vertical plane like airplane propellers. The blades have a special shape so that when wind passes over them, it moves more rapidly over one side. This creates a low pressure behind the blade and a high-pressure area in front of it. The difference between these two pressures causes the blades to spin. The blades of a vertical axis wind machine work on the same principles as horizontal axis machine. The shape of the blades causes the pressure to differ when the wind blows over them. This causes the assembly to spin. In a vertical axis machine, however, the blades spin in a plane that is parallel to the ground like an eggbeater. Wind turbines are made in a variety of sizes, and therefor power ratings. The largest machine, such as the one built in Hawaii, has propellers that span more than the length of a football field and stands twenty stories high. It also produces enough electricity to power fourteen hundred homes. A small home sized wind machine has rotators between 8 and 25 feet in diameter. It stand upward of 30 feet and can supply the power needs of an all electric home or small business. Wind energy is also a partial solution to environmental problems. The electric Power Research Institute has stated that Alone among the alternative energy technologies wind power offers pollution free electricity that is nearly cost competitive with todays conventional sources. In 1991, for example, Californias wind power plants offset the emission of more than 2.8 billion pounds of carbon dioxide. These same wind plants offset sixteen million pounds of nitrogen oxide, sulferdioxide, and particles. It would take a forest of one hundred and seventy five million trees to provide the same air quality. The environment, however, is not the only benefit wind turbines offer. Wind energy is already one of the most cost competitive renewable

Assess The Contribution Of Control Theory To Our Understanding Of Crime And Criminality Essay Example

Assess The Contribution Of Control Theory To Our Understanding Of Crime And Criminality Essay Example Assess The Contribution Of Control Theory To Our Understanding Of Crime And Criminality Paper Assess The Contribution Of Control Theory To Our Understanding Of Crime And Criminality Paper Essay Topic: Discipline and Punish the Birth Of the Prison Before evaluating the contribution of control theory, the understanding of crime and criminality needs to be explained. What is crime? Who commits crime? These are questions that we will address. Crime or unaccepted social behaviour stems back many years but it is the political element of introducing defined laws that has had a significant effect on the population. Criminality is the etiology of those that defy the laws and do not conform to social norms. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) were earlier influences from the eighteenth century and their thinking about crime gave birth to what is now known as the Classical School. The classical thought did not put any emphasis on the individual and took everybody as being equal in his or her decision to act criminally. Other theories developed from this period and looked more into the individual and social causes. This was known as the positivist approach. Biological and psychological theories of criminality tended to take this approach. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) developed one of the early sociological theories. We will look at this early approach to crime and how it has progressed into modern criminology. These disciplines are in the main trying to find the answer to the question, Why do people commit crime? Control theory asks the question, Why do people not commit crime? This is a parallel contrast to most other theories whereby the interest is on the causation of the offender. Control theory assumes that everyone is subject to temptations to engage in rewarding criminal behaviour, what needs to be understood is what stops most people, most of the time, from succumbing to such temptations. Some of the main voices of this field are Travis Hirschi, Michael Gottfredson, Walter Reckless, and Ivan Nye. We will look at their contributions in detail especially that of Gottfredson and Hirschi. Finally we will discuss the worth of control theory and evaluate what implications it has had on modern society along with whether it is regarded as being axiomatic. Crime and Criminality Prior to the seventeenth century the law was greatly influenced by that of monarchical and religious authorities. Crimes committed against the establishment and /or the church were dealt with by brutal and bloody punishments. The origins of the concept of crime are found in the classical tradition. A conception of crime presupposes a conception of human nature. (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990) These were represented by Hobbes, Bentham and Beccaria. Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure (Bentham 1970) Thomas Hobbes (1588- 1679) wrote the book Leviathan and described his laws of nature. He believed in the absence of social condition, every action we perform, no matter how charitable or benevolent, is done for reasons, which are ultimately self-serving. Hobbes believed that any account of human action, including morality, must be consistent with the fact that we are all self-serving. Hobbes speculates how selfish people would behave in a state of nature, prior to the formation of any government. He begins noting that humans are essentially equal, both mentally and physically, insofar as even the weakest person has the strength to kill the strongest. Classical criminology grew out of a reaction against the barbaric system of law, justice and punishment that was in existence before 1789. It sought an emphasis on free will and human rationality. The Classical School was not interested in studying criminals, but rather law-making and legal processing. Crime, they believed, was activity engaged in out of total free will and that individuals weighed the consequences of their actions. Punishment is made in order to deter people from committing crime and it should be greater than the pleasure of criminal gains. Classical theory emphasized a legal definition of crime rather than what defined criminal behaviour. Two famous writers during this classical period were Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) and Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), both led the movement to human rights and free will. Beccaria thought that crime could be traced to bad laws, not to bad people. A new modern criminal justice system would be needed to guarantee equal treatment of all people before the law. His famous book, On Crimes and Punishment presented a new design for the criminal justice system that served all people. His book dubbed him the father of modern criminology. It was the first attempt at presenting a systematic, consistent and logical penal system. Beccaria suggested that fixed punishments for all offences should be written into law and that the law must apply equally to all citizens and all who are guilty should suffer the same prescribed penalty. Prison sentences were held to be preferable, with prison work being both beneficial to both supply compensation to victims of crime and to deter potential offenders. Benthams concern was upon utilitarianism, which assumed the greatest happiness for the greatest number. He believed that individuals weigh the probabilities of present and future pleasures against those of present and future pain. Thus people acted as human calculators, he believed, and that they put all factors into a sort of mathematical equation to decide whether or not to commit an illegal act. He believed then that punishment should be just a bit in excess of the pleasures derived from an act and not any higher than that. The law exists to create happiness for all, thus since punishment creates unhappiness it can be justified if it prevents greater evil than it produces. Bentham described four general sources of pleasure and pain, or sanction systems: physical, political, moral and religious. Bentham used these four sanction elements to write a foundation for reforms of the criminal law and public crime control policy. Bentham eventually focused on the political sanctions and his work as well as that of the classical school came down to us as a political science rather than a behavioural science. The nineteenth century saw the development of the biological and medical sciences and the scientists clashed with the classical school of thought. The scientists argued that their fields of study and expertise could account for individual differences with regards to why crime was committed. They did not believe that everyone was the same and should be dealt with on a fixed punishment system. This lead to a more positivistic approach to the explanation of the causation of the offender rather than just concentrating on crime and the criminal justice system itself. In criminology the term positivism is often applied to approaches that tend to differentiate people or social groups from one another according to objective categories, which somehow determine their behaviour. Positivists, unlike the classical reformers, sought to explain the world around them. They saw behaviour as determined by biological, psychological, and social traits. They focused on a deterministic view of the world, on criminal behaviour instead of legal issues, and the prevention of crime through the reformation of offenders. The use of scientific techniques was important to the positivists. Data was collected in order to explain different types of individuals and social phenomena. Naturalists and anthropologists formed the theory of evolution, which was a very critical component to the study of human criminal behaviour by the positivists. The focus on positivism then is on systematic observations and the accumulation of evidence and objective fact within a deductive framework, thus moving from a general statement to a more specific one. The origins of scientific criminology are usually traced beck to the workings of Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909). Lombroso replaced the notion of free will and rationality with the notion of determinism. He developed the positivist school of criminology, which sought explanations for criminal behaviour through scientific research and experimentation. Lombroso believed in the criminal born man and woman. He believed they had physical features of ape like creatures that were not fully developed as humans were. Lombroso believed that criminality is a trait produced in humans as a consequence of a particular form of genetic inheritance. Lombroso`s work aimed to identify a difference between criminals and non criminals. It soon became clear that not all offenders would fit the initial theory. They were not homogeneous and differences occurred between them and the different crimes they committed. This led Lombroso to sub divide the criminal population into types of offender. These typologies varied and may be on frequency, seriousness, object and characteristics of the offender, thus leading onto other theories of a positivist persuasion. All too frequently the idea that acts have causes is translated via the research literature into the idea that specific acts have specific causes. For biological positivism, this leads to the search for a genetic component to account for variation in specific acts. (Gottfreddson 1990) This problem is not unique to the biological approach and both psychological and sociological sciences debate over the specific differences of the individual criminal acts. The psychological approach is apparently a study of behaviour and the individualistic causes of why a person commits crime. One such theory is that of social learning, that behaviour is learnt through the social group around the individual. Albert Bandura provided empirical studies on observational learning. Hans Eysenk is prominent in his research on conditioning and his personality trait theory. He believed that we are either capable of being conditioned and learning the behaviour acceptable in the social environment or that we have internal problems and are unable to reform. Eysenks suggests that those people who are not able to be conditioned have a problem with self control. The sociological approach looks at the environment surrounding the individual and what affects this has in relation to causation of crime. Peer groups and the family have a major role to play in this science. Several theories look to identify the social structure of the individual. Such theories look to establish pressures that are asserted on the individual that cause them to turn to crime in order to solve their problems. (Strain Theory and Robert Mertons Anomie Theory). Such pressures are placed on the individual by the class of society they live in, and goals that are set within the society which are unobtainable, unless through deviant means. (Albert Cohens Subculture Theory). One of the earliest applications of Control theory came from Ivan Nye in 1958. Nye attributed delinquency to the failure of personal and social controls. Nyes conception of social control involved four clusters of attitudes, behaviour patterns, and/or social contexts. First, there was direct control imposed from without by means of restriction and punishment. Second, there was internalised control exercised from within through ones conscience. Third, there was indirect control related to affectional identification with parents and other non-criminal persons. Fourth, was the availability of alternative means to goals and values. Nye emphasized that the most important source of controls were indirect, resulting from family relationships. As for direct control, this would include the monitoring behaviours of parents, teachers, and police officers (among other adults). That is, some adults tend to watch youth and when they become delinquent, punishment can be forthcoming. Internalised control, the second area, basically refers to ones conscience or belief in the prevailing morals of a society. For example, people who believe that shoplifting is wrong would probably feel guilty about doing it. They know that there is a social norm against that behaviour and they have internalised that norm. To violate ones conscience results in unpleasant feelings of guilt, shame, and remorse. The third area is control derived through affectional identification with ones parents (primarily). Since essentially all parents disapprove of delinquent behaviours, children run the risk of upsetting them by being deviant. Yet children vary in the extent to which they are attached to their parents and respect them. Children who are strongly attached to their parents tend to care about what they think and therefore avoid behaviours that would upset or offend them. On the other hand, children who are relatively unattached would be more likely to engage in delinquent acts because they tend not to care about what their parents think. The final area is the availability of alternative means to goals and values. Juveniles tend to share similar goals and values, but they vary in the extent to which they have the opportunity to achieve these goals. In 1961 sociologist Walter C. Reckless proposed Containment Theory, which explains delinquency as the interplay between two forms of control known as inner (internal) and outer (external) containments. Containment theory assumes that for every individual a containing external structure as well as a protective internal structure exist. Both buffer, protect, and insulate an individual against delinquency. Reckless wanted his theory to explain not only delinquency, but also conformity. Containment theory shows that society produces a series of pulls and pushes toward the phenomenon of delinquency. It suggests that these inner and outer containments help to buffer against ones potential deviation from legal and social norms and work to insulate a youth from the pressures, pulls, and pushes of deviant influences. Of the two, Reckless suggested that inner containments are more important. It is these inner containments, he argued, that form ones support system. The stronger ones inner containments, the least likely one would commit crime; the weaker ones inner containments, the more prone to crime one would become. Inner containments, simply put, are self components. They are the inner strength of ones personality. These include a good self-concept, strong ego, well developed conscience, high sense of responsibility, and high frustration tolerance. Outer containments refer to ones social environment. These are normative constraints in which society and groups use to control its members. Outer containments include belonging (identification with the group), effective supervision, cohesion among group members (togetherness), opportunities for achievement, reasonable limits and responsibilities, alternative ways and means of satisfaction, reinforcement of goals, norms values, and discipline. Internal pushes are personal factors, which include restlessness, discontent, rebellion, anxiety, and hostility. External pulls include deviant peers, membership in a deviant/criminal gang, and pornography. Finally, external pressures refer to the adverse living conditions which give rise to crime. These include relative deprivation, poverty, unemployment, insecurity, and inequality. The most influential version of control theory is that of Travis Hirschi presented in a book titled Causes of Delinquency. Hirschi theorized that conformity is the result of a bond or tie to four elements in conventional society. As the bond weakens, the probability of deviance increases. So the strength of the bond explains the probability of an individual becoming involved in delinquency. When the bond is stronger, delinquency would be less likely and visa versa. The first element of the bond is attachment to significant others. The extent to which a person is attached to others can be measured independently of his deviant behaviour. People are thought to internalise norms and values because they respect close friends and family members. If a person does not care about the wishes of other people, he will be free to deviate. So the extent to which a person has important relations with others will affect his or her level of deviance. Hirschi views parents, schools, and peers as important social institutions from which a person develops these attachments. The second element of the bond is commitment and it involves time, energy, and effort placed on conventional lines of action. This is the rational component in conformity. In other words, partaking in social activities ties an individual to the moral and ethical code of society. Hirschs control theory holds that people who build an investment in life, property, and reputation are less likely to engage in criminal acts, which will jeopardize their social position. A lack of commitment to such conventional values will free an individual to partake in delinquent or criminal acts. The third element is involvement. This addresses a preoccupation in activities that stress the conventional interests of society. Hirschi argues that an individual who is heavy involved in conventional activities does not have enough time to engage in delinquent or criminal acts. He believes that involvement in school, family, and recreation insulates a juvenile from potential delinquent behaviour that may be a result of idleness. The fourth and final element is belief and it deals with the individuals agreement with a societys value system. This entails respect for laws, and the people and institutions that enforce such laws. Control theory assumes that there is a common (shared) value system in any society. However, there is variation in the extent to which people believe they should obey the rules of a society. The less a person believes he or she should obey the rules, the more likely he or she is to violate them. If beliefs are weakened, or absent, one is more likely to engage in antisocial acts. Gottfredson and Hirschi wrote a General Theory of Crime in 1990. In this book they suggest a theory that self control is the general concept around which all of the known facts about crime can be organised. A General Theory of Crime purports that other theories pay insufficient attention to the facts about the nature of crime, which are that crimes are committed in pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain. As with Hirschi`s former theory of criminality, this one is a classical theory aswell. Classical theories on the whole, then, are today called control theories, theories emphasizing the prevention of crime through consequences painful to the individual. (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990) They define crime as acts of force or fraud undertaken in pursuit of self interest. Low self control is supposed to explain an individuals propensity to commit or refrain from committing crimes, just as high self control explains an individuals likelihood of conforming to social norms and laws. The main characteristics of low self control relevant to the commission of criminal acts are crimes that provide simple and immediate gratification, acts which offer excitement and risk, acts that require little skill or planning and acts that result in pain and discomfort for the victim. The theory allows for diversity in criminal acts and suggests that there are no exceptional criminals. According to the theory, crime involves the pursuit of immediate pleasure and people lacking in self control will also tend to pursue pleasures that are not criminal, they will tend to smoke, use drugs, gamble and engage in illicit sex. (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). The theory describes certain traits of people who lack self control. These are impulsivity, insensitivity, low intelligence, physical aggression and being self-centred. People with low self control also enjoy risk taking, are short sighted and nonverbal, and they will tend to therefore engage in criminal and analogous acts. These traits are established early and persist through life. The major cause of low self control is that of ineffective child rearing and lack of appropriate punishment. low self control is not produced by training, tutelage, or socialisation. As a matter of fact, all of the characteristics associated with low self control tend to show themselves in the absence of nurturance, discipline, or training. (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990) The family environment plays an important role in ensuring the child adheres to social norms and non deviant acts. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi the minimum conditions for adequate child rearing are for someone to monitor the childs behaviour, recognise deviant behaviour when it occurs and to punish such behaviour. If any or all of these conditions are not carried out then the child can develop a low self control. The theory purports that parenting is the most important factor which will determine ones level of self control. Children whose parents care about them and supervise and punish their misconduct will develop the self control needed, through socialisation, to resist the easy temptations offered by crime. This in turn will help them in future school, work and relationships. The theory argues that a lack of self control is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for crime to occur, because other properties of the individual, or the situation may counteract ones likelihood of committing deviant acts. Self control theory applies itself to age, gender and race variations in crime, peer groups, schools, and the family, cross-cultural comparisons, white collar crime and organised crime. There are differences among racial and ethnic groups, as there are between the sexes, in levels of direct supervision by the family. Thus, there is a crime component to racial differences in crime rates, but, as with gender, differences in self control probably outweigh differences in supervision in accounting for racial or ethnic variations. (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). Summary We began by discussing how crime and criminality became more political during the seventeenth century onwards and the influence of Hobbe`s. The works of Bentham and Beccaria towards establishing a better criminal justice system in the eighteenth century gave birth to the classical school of thinking. This then developed into other sciences looking into criminality and the concerns that society was not equal and that behaviour was affected by individual and environmental factors. This began the positive school of thinking. This was debated through the years in the professions of biology, psychology and sociology. Each science had its own specialists who in turn had their own interpretation of the etiology of criminality. The main emphasis of most of the theories was that behaviour was determined by traits associated by each discipline. We then concentrated on the social control theory and the contributions of Nye, Reckless, Hirschi and Gottfredson. This theory purports to ask the question, why do people not commit crime? They all suggest that an internal factor conscience/self control is the main causation for people to commit/not commit deviant acts. They all suggest that this is concerned with paternal relationships at an early age. Moving on through Nye, Reckless, Hirschi and Gottfredson the theory seems to become more evolved, although still tautological. The most recent theory being, that of Hirschi and Gottfredson and their General Theory of Crime, which relates to self control. Conclusion A large number of empirical studies generally support the social control theories, especially that of Hirschi and Gottfredson. The theory allows for diversity in crimes and suggests that most crimes are associated with opportunity and immediate gratification. The theory believes that there are no specialist criminals and that offenders will commit crimes of the same nature only because it involves little planning and the availability of targets. The theory is heavily paternistic and puts great emphasis on the relationship of the family. Its concerns are with the development of the child and that a traditional family environment with two parents and correct discipline would enable the child to develop a high self control and thus not commit deviant acts. The theory also encompasses the role of other guardians throughout the life of the child, these including teachers, police and the community itself. The theory has guided modern public policy reformations and it supports policies on parenting programmes and recreational programs for young children and teenagers. Critics of the theory believe that it does not adequately explain violent and ethnic crimes, and that it is tautological in explaining self control and criminality. Control theory seems to be regarded as an explanation for non serious offences and especially for those carried out by the age group, between the mid teens to early twenties, the delinquent years. Nye, Reckless and Hirschi concentrated on delinquent crime causation for their theories. Gottfredson and Hirschi developed these earlier theories and assessed other social and psychological theories to conclude with their general theory of crime, which evolves around self control. The theory is tautological in its explanation of criminality and self control and suggests that self control is criminality and vice versa. Self control is defined by certain traits, which many other theories apply to the causation of criminality, low intelligence, impulsivity and defective child rearing. The theory does not adequately explain the relevance of age, gender and race variations in crime. It tries to suggest that many theories use these variants to specifically explain the propensity to commit crime. It purports that there will always be variants in the age, gender and race debates and that self control is a constant factor throughout all of them. Other theories tend to offer a more suitable explanation to the maturation reform. David Matza wrote his drift theory and proposed that juvenile males drift out of deviant activity by the time they are in their early twenties. Gordon Tasler wrote about a situational theory that suggested that many young people strayed away from deviancy because of family commitments and employment opportunities of their own. Much data relates to there being an age period which results in high crime rates being committed and this is in the mid teens to early twenties and that this peak then decreases from that time. Statistics would suggest that age has a significant contribution to the cause of criminality. Many people who offend at this age still offend throughout their lives and others start up again several years later in life. One simple explanation for this age factor might be down to the more stringent punishments that are delivered to persons who are over eighteen years and that this alone brings halt to many offenders. On the gender issue, it is generally regarded that males commit more crime than females, especially that involving violence. If a female does commit crime it could be seen as being doubly deviant as her behaviour is also against that of social norms. Ann Lloyd. It would therefore suggest that a female would need to have lower self control than a male. Control theories purport that females tend to be more carefully watched over in their childhood years and that this allows there self control to be developed and thus not want to indulge in deviant acts. The race debate seems to be less able to be defined by control theory and suggests only that the self control element is the only invariant. Other sociological theories try to address the race debate with more explanation. (Anomie and Strain Theory). Overall the control theories offer a good assessment of the majority crimes and those who commit them, young males. In asking, why do we not commit crime, the theory purports that we are all capable of criminality, but that most of us have internalised controls to prevent non conformity. The theory does not offer adequate explanation for individual propensities and for violent crimes. The theory does propose an explanation for the causation of criminality, self control, this being at an early age and due to ineffective parenting. This is similar to other theorists (David Farrington) and somewhere that public policies should direct their attentions. If a young person can be guaranteed a stable and caring environment then there may be a diminution of criminals and a proliferation of socially accepted adults.

Biography of Leonardo Da Vinci, Genius Painter, Scientist, Naturalist

Biography of Leonardo Da Vinci, Genius Painter, Scientist, Naturalist Leonardo Da Vinci (April 15, 1452–  May 2, 1519) was artist, humanist, scientist, philosopher, inventor, and naturalist during the Italian Renaissance. His genius, says his biographer Walter Isaacson, was the ability to marry observation with imagination, to apply that imagination to intellect and its universal nature. Fast Facts: Leonardo da Vinci Known For: Renaissance-era painter, inventor, naturalist, philosopher, writer.  Born: April 15, 1452, Vinci in Tuscany, Italy.Parents: Piero da Vinci and Caterina Lippi.Died:  May 2, 1519, in Cloux, France.Education: Formal training limited to abacus school in commercial math, apprenticeship at the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio; otherwise self taught.Spouse(s): None.Children: None.   Early Life Leonardo Da Vinci was born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, the only child of Piero da Vinci, a notary and eventually Chancellor of Florence, and Caterina Lippi, an unmarried peasant girl. He is properly known as Leonardo rather than da Vinci, although that is common form of his name today. Da Vinci means from Vinci and most people of the day who required a last name were given it based on their place of residence. Leonardo was illegitimate, which, according to biographer Isaacson, may well have assisted his skill and education. He was not required to go to formal school, and he passed his youth in experimentation and exploration, keeping careful notes in a series of journals which have survived. Piero was a well-to-do man, descended from at least two generations of important notaries, and he settled in the town of Florence, marrying Albierra, the daughter of another notary, within eight months of Leonardos birth. Leonardo was raised in the da Vinci family home by his grandfather, Antonio, and his wife, as well as Francesco, Pieros youngest brother only 15 years older than Leonardo himself. Florence (1467–1482) In 1464, Albierra died in childbirth- she had no other children, and Piero brought Leonardo to live with him in Florence. There Leonardo was exposed to the architecture and writings of the artists Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446) and Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472); and it was there that his father got him an apprenticeship to the artist and engineer Andrea del Verrocchio. Verrocchios workshop was part art studio and part art shop, and Leonardo was exposed to a rigorous training program, that included painting, sculpture, pottery, and metal working. He learned the beauty of geometry and the mathematical harmony that art can leverage; and it was here that he learned chiarroscuro, and developed the sfumato technique he would become famous for. When his apprenticeship ended in 1472, Leonardo registered in the Florentine painters confraternity, the Compagnia di San Luca. Many of the works he did in Verocchios workshop were often completed by several of the students and/or the teacher, and it is clear that by the end of his tenure, Leonardo had surpassed his master. Verocchios workshop was sponsored by the Duke of Florence, Lorenzo de Medici (1469–1492) also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent. Some of the works painted by Leonardo in his twenties include the Annunciation and the Adoration of the Magi, and the portrait of Ginevra di Benci. Milan (1482–1499) When Leonardo turned 30, he was sent by Lorenzo on a diplomatic mission to bring a lute in the shape of a horses head that he himself had crafted to be given to Ludovico Sforza, the powerful Duke of Milan. With him was Atalante Migliorotti (1466–1532), the first of his long-term companions, who acted as a friend, assistant, secretary, and romantic partner. When Leonardo arrived in Milan, he sent a letter to Ludovico, a letter that was more or less a job application, laying out in detail the type of job he envisioned being useful to the Duke: military and civil engineering. Instead, Leonardo ended up an impresario, producing elaborate pageants for the royal court such as the Masque of the Planets. He designed scenery and costumes and developed fantastic mechanical elements for the plays that would fly, descend or animate for the audience. In this role, he was part court jester: he sang and played the lute, told stories and fables, played pranks. His friends described him as gentle and entertaining, handsome, precise and generous, a valued and beloved companion. The Genius in the Notebook It was also during this period that Leonardo began keeping regular notebooks. Over 7,200 single pages exist today, estimated to be one-quarter of his total output. They are filled with expressions of sheer genius: flights of fancy, precognitive sketches of impossible technologies (scuba gear, flying machines, helicopters) careful, analytical anatomical studies of dissections he performed on humans and animals; and visual puns. In his notebooks and his canvases, he played with shadow and light, perspective, motion, color. His drawings of humans at the time are fascinating: an old warrior with a nutcracker nose and an enormous chin; grotesquely old men and women; and a thin, muscular, curly-haired androgynous figure, the opposite avatar of the old warrior who would provide centuries of delight and speculation for art historians. Of course, he painted while he was in Milan: portraits included several of Ludovicos mistresses, The Lady with the Ermine and La Belle Ferronnià ¨re; and religious works such as Virgin of the Rocks and the astonishing Last Supper. He also made the famous drawing Vitruvian Man, the best of numerous attempts of the day to illustrate what the Roman architect Vitrivius (ca 80–15 BCE) meant when he said the layout of a temple should reflect the proportions of a human body. Leonardo ditched most of Vitriviuss measurements and calculated his own ideal of perfection. In 1489, Leonardo finally earned the job he had wanted in 1482: he received an official court appointment, complete with rooms (albeit not at Ludovicos castle). His first commission was to make an immense sculpture of the Duke of Milans father Francesco sitting on a horse. He made the model of clay and worked for years planning the casting, but never completed the bronze sculpture. In July of 1490, he met the second companion of his life, Gian Giacomo Caprotti  da Oreno, known as Salai (1480–1524). By 1499, the Duke of Milan was running out of money and no longer consistently paying Leonardo, and when Louis XII of France (1462–1515) invaded Milan, Ludovico fled the city. Leonardo stayed in Milan briefly- the French knew him and protected his studio from the mobs- but when he heard rumors that Ludovico was planning to return, he fled home to Florence. Italy and France (1500–1519) When Leonardo returned to Florence, he found the city still shaken from the after-effects of the brief and bloody rule of Savonarola (1452–1498), who in 1497 had led the Bonfire of the Vanities- the priest and his followers collected and burned thousands of objects such as artworks, books, cosmetics, dresses, mirrors, and musical instruments as forms of evil temptations. In 1498, Savonarola was hanged and burned in the public square. Leonardo was a different man when he returned: he dressed like a dandy, spending almost as much on clothing as he did on books. His first patron was the notorious military ruler Cesare Borgia (1475–1507), who conquered Florence in 1502: Borgia gave Leonardo a passport to travel wherever he needed, as his personal engineer and innovator. The job only lasted about eight months, but during that time Leonardo built a bridge supporting a garrison of troops out of a pile of lumber and nothing more. He also perfected the art of maps, drawing villages as they would be seen from the air, accurate, detailed birds-eye views of cities measured with a compass. He also established a friendship with Niccolo Machiavelli (1469–1527), who would base his classic The Prince on Borgia. By 1503, though, Borgia was running amok, requiring mass executions in the towns he occupied. At first, Leonardo seemed oblivious, but when Machiavelli left, so did Leonardo: back to Florence. In Florence, Leonardo and Machiavelli worked on an astonishing project: they planted to divert the Arno river from Pisa to Florence. The project got started, but the engineer changed the specs and it was a spectacular failure. Leonardo and Machiavelli also worked on a way to drain the Piombino Marshes: water, the movement of it, the force of it, was a fascination for Leonardo throughout his life, but the marsh project was also not completed. Michelangelo Artistically, Florence had a huge drawback: Leonardo had acquired a nemesis, Michelangelo. Twenty years younger, but although as gay as Leonardo was, unlike Leonardo, Michelangelo was a pious Christian convulsed by agony over his nature. The two artists communication devolved into a bitter feud. The two men were each commissioned to do battle scenes: hung in separate galleries, the paintings were depictions of frenzied faces, monstrous armor, and mad horses. Isaacson suggests that the upshot of the war of the battle scene was useful to both artists because they were now both luminaries, rather than interchangeable parts. From 1506–1516, Leonardo wandered back and forth between Rome and Milan; another one of his patrons was the Medici Pope Leo X (1475–1521). In 1506, Leonardo adopted Francesco Melzi, the 14-year-old son of a friend and civil engineer, as his heir. Between 1510 and 1511, Leonardo worked with anatomy professor Marcantonio della Torre, whose students dissected humans while Leonardo made 240 meticulous drawings and wrote 13,000 words of description- probably more, those are what have survived. But the professor died of the plague, ending the project before it could be published. And of course he painted: his masterpieces during this period in his life include the Mona Lisa (La Gioconda); The Virgin and Child with St. Anne, and a series of images of Salai as St. John the Baptist and Bacchus. Death In 1516, Francis I of France commissioned Leonardo for another astounding, impossible task: design a town and palace complex for the royal court at Romorantin. Francis, arguably one of the best patrons Leonardo ever had, gave him the Chateau de Cloux (now the Clos Luce). Leonardo was by now an old man, still productive- he made 16 drawings over the next three years, even if the city project was not completed- but he was visibly ill and had likely suffered a stroke. He died on May 2, 1519, at the Chateau. Sources and Recommended Reading Clark, Kenneth and Martin Kemp. Leonardo da Vinci: Revised Edition. London, Penguin Books, 1989.Isaacson, Walter. Leonardo Da Vinci. New York: Simon Schuster, 2017.  Farago, Claire. Biography and Early Art Criticism of Leonardo da Vinci. New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.Nicholl, Charles. Leonardo da Vinci: Flights of the Mind. London, Penguin Books, 2005.

Crime Mapping & Analysis Spatial Theories of Crime Assignment

Crime Mapping & Analysis Spatial Theories of Crime - Assignment Example Developed countries have come up with mapping software’s that help in analyzing crime. The technology of crime mapping has proved effective in determining the quantity of resources to be allocated to patrol officers in certain areas. Crime mapping is guided by various theories of crime, which help the crime officers understand the human mind, and how the environment surrounding a criminal influences them to commit a certain crime. The spatial theories help crime analysts to analyze crime, and they support GSI. This theory focuses more on the social control of crime based on the relationships with other people. According to the theory, and offender is motivated by being in the same place with the target. This theory argues that an offender will only commit a certain crime in the absence of an effective control. Crime, therefore, occurs when the offender and the target are in the same place and in the absence of a control or presence of a powerless crime control. A crime offender is influenced by people around him/her who could either be their parents, peers, relatives or intimate partners. Such people are referred to as handlers and in their absence, or if they are weak, the offender can commit a crime. According to the theory, guardians also control crime. Guardians could be police officers, security guards or neighbors. A potential offender is likely to commit a crime is the guardians of the target are absent or if they are weak. According to this theory, criminal motivation is controlled by social structures that can either create and environment for crime occurrence or create an environment where crime occurrence is low. The theory assumes that related people or people living in the same areas are social and ready to help one another. The theory is not very effective in GSI since the modern society, socialness levels have fallen, and hence, the people around a target may not prevent crime

The Level of Employee Engagement and Organisational Performance in the Dissertation

The Level of Employee Engagement and Organisational Performance in the Nigerian Public Secto - Dissertation Example And if yes, then how does employees’ engagement relate to employees’ performance, i.e. positively or negatively? This study aims at investigating the relationship between employee engagement and organizational performance with particular reference to the Nigerian Public Sector, i.e. Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs and National Information Technology Development. In order to conduct this study, the researcher made use of primary research and obtained information related to employees’ engagement level and Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs and NITDA’s performance through survey questionnaire and interviews. The researcher selected 150 respondents for survey and interviewed 10 managers. The results obtained in this study show that there is a positive relationship between employees’ engagement and organizational performance. Moreover, it has also been concluded that the employees working in Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs and NITDA are highly engaged and t his high level of employee engagement has translated into improved organizational performance. Keywords: Employee Engagement, Organizational Performance, Motivation, etc. ... harts - Descriptive Findings 46 Figure 2: Scatter plot - Regression Analysis 48 List of Tables Table 1: Descriptive Findings – Demographics Attributes 36 Table 2: Descriptive Findings – Statements Related to Employee Engagement 39 Table 3: Descriptive Findings – Statements Related to Employee Engagement 42 Table 4: Findings from Regression Analysis 47 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1. Background to the Context The term ‘employee engagement’ can be argued to be a comparatively new in managerial practices, as it emerged in the last decade (Bhatia, 2011). The concept of employee engagement can be elaborated as the degree of employees’ commitment towards attainment of organizational goals and objectives. Engagement of employees can also be regarded as the sense of responsibility developed in employees in relation to their contribution and performance for overall betterment of organization (Schaufeli & Solanova, 2007; Exec, 2007). In the fast changing co rporate world of today, it is strongly felt by the organizations that employees are their assets and it is due to this reason that organizations in general and management in particular have started give importance to the concept of employee engagement (Bhatia, 2011; Adi, 2012). However, the question arises whether employees’ engagement has something to do with the performance level of employees? And if yes, then how does employees’ engagement relate to employees’ performance, i.e. positively or negatively? This study thus attempts to explore this relationship between these two aspects of employees’ behavior in organizational context. 1.2. Research Aim This study aims at investigating the relationship between employee engagement and organizational performance with particular reference to the Nigerian Public

The Neverending Story: A Classic Novel Essay -- Neverending Story

The Neverending Story:   A Classic Novel  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Neverending Story by Michael Ende perfectly draws the image of a successful novel because it’s overall effect on the reader is intimate and it recognizes itself as a different novel from others especially using a metaphor of stories giving birth to other stories.   Considered as a children’s novel, it should be given a chance to prove itself in the realm of other such intelligent novels. The novel expands this idea that stories are a result of other stories, it resembles the monomyth cycle for a simplified and similar understanding of its complex aspects and it finally reminds the reader of belonging and loving needs.   Thus, this novel by Michael Ende should be considered a major part of English literature because it clearly demonstrates an archetypal flare similarly to how a classic novel would furnish.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Moo-oo-oon Child!† (Ende 225) Screams Bastian.   His hopes of this endless story to rid its endless entity has nothing but created a nightmare in his and Atreyu’s world.   From the Gnomics project of the mammoth-like Sphinxes to the rescue of the Child-like Empress to the Water of Life, Atreyu and Bastian are two separate characters who are parted by two different kingdoms but unknowingly pursue on strange adventures in the same settings.   Not only do they live out tremendous and significant journeys but ironically have a comparable mission in which to save the life of the Child-like Empress, ruler and leader of Fantastica.   Bastians’ peaceful character and Atreyu’s determination sets The Neverending Story apart from the classic scene o... ...ed and the setting is a happy one.      The Neverending Story by Michael Ende perfectly draws the image of a successful novel because it’s overall effect on the reader is intimate and it recognizes itself as a different novel from others especially using a metaphor of stories giving birth to other stories.   Considered as a children’s novel, it should be given a chance to prove itself in the realm of other such intelligent novels. The novel expands this idea that stories are a result of other stories, it resembles the monomyth cycle for a simplified and similar understanding of its complex aspects and it finally reminds the reader of belonging and loving needs.   Thus, this novel by Michael Ende should be considered a major part of English literature because it clearly demonstrates an archetypal flare similarly to how a classic novel would furnish.

Factors Influencing Customer Satisfaction

Course: Research Methodology (BT21603) Lecturer: Dr. Zakariya Belkhamza Name of Members| Matrix Numbers| Signatures| Rachael Ubu| BB11110489| | Nurul Hidayah Binti Ariff| BB11110460| | Annie Thien Li Len| BB11110055| | Nicole Chow Soo Yee| BB11110372| | Surianti Binti Abidin| BB11110579| | Khuzaimah Binti Mohd Nurung| BB11110242| | Jazmiah Jamaluddin| BB11110209| | Mazlinah Binti Majid| BB11110310| | Siti Munirah Bte Abd Malik| BB11160816| | Wang Qin| BB11170684| | 1. 0 Research Topic Factors that affect customer satisfaction in the hotel industry. 2. 0 Research BackgroundThe English word â€Å"hotel† derives from the French word hotel (coming from hote meaning host). It refers to a townhouse which is any building that is frequented by seeing visitors. A hotel is an establishment which provides lodging for a paid short term basis. Kotler (1996) defined customer satisfaction as â€Å"the level of a person’s felt state resulting from comparing a product’s perceive d performance or outcome in violation to his/her own expectations. † The importance of this study is to gain knowledge on customer satisfaction and the problems resulting in lack of customer satisfaction in the hotel industry.According to Alex Hisaka (2011), the importance of customer satisfaction can have an impact on your business and if you don’t start paying attention you’ll lose an opportunity to make a customer happy. Customer satisfaction with hotel properties has been identified as one of the factors leading to the success of a tourist destination (Shih, 1986; Yau and Chan, 1990; Stevens, 1992; Mok et al. , 1995). Research into customer satisfaction in the service industry has increased dramatically in recent years (Peterson and Wilson, 1992). Customer satisfaction has long been an rea of interest in academic research. Hunt (1975) considers satisfaction an evaluation on which the customer have experienced with the services is at least as good as it suppos ed to be. For demographic characteristic, nearly 46 percent of the respondents had stay at Medium- Tariff hotels, 42 percent at High-Tariff â€Å"B† hotels and 12 percent at High-Tariff â€Å"A† hotels. The finding clearly demonstrates that the services encounter or customer-employee interaction is a major determinant affecting travels’ perceptions in relation to service quality, resulting in their likelihood of returning to the same hotel. . 0 Customer Satisfaction Customer Satisfaction * Service Quality * Room Quality * Service Quality * Room Quality Research Framework 4. 1 Research Problem Hotel industries nowadays are facing one of the most important challenge is to provide and maintain customer satisfaction. Kandampully (2000) Service quality has become a factor important in the overall tourism experience and one which ultimately dictates the success of the tourism business. According to Lewis and Booms (1982), service quality is measure of how well the ser vice delivered matches customer’s expectations.A part from that, room qualities also becomes a factor that can influence customer satisfaction in the hotel industry. Room qualities are important considerations for travel in-lodging selection. It includes cleanliness of room, comfort of bed, and quality of in-room temperature control and quietness of room. (Knutson, 1988; Barsky and Labagh, 1992; McClearly and Weaver, 1992; Gilbert and Morris, 1995; Heung et al. , 1996). Positive relationship can make a higher commitment of customers and increase their rate of return.Long term relationship between customers and hotel is becoming more important as the positive correlation between overall satisfaction levels of visitors and their abilty to return to the same hotel. Since most previous research found out that most study on customer satisfaction in hotel industry focused in Hong Kong, United States and other European countries, where there’s a lack of Malaysian study focusi ng in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Therefore, this research will focus on customer satisfaction in hotel industry in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. 4. 0 Research Objective 1.To investigate the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction 2. To investigate the relationship between room quality and customer satisfaction References 1. Choi T. C and Chu. R, 2001, determinant of hotel guests’ satisfaction and repeat patronage in the Hong Kong hotels history. 2. K. s. (kayne) Chan, 1998, journal of hospitality and tourism research. Tutorial 1 Research Methodology 1) What research is all about? 2) Describe the characteristic of scientific method (What is scientific research? ) 3) What is problem statement? How to write a problem statement Answers 1.Research is about doing or making a study in a specific area of interest. According to Saunders, research is defined as something that people undertake in order to find things out in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge. 2. Scientific research is the development of a theory that is then tested through a series of propositions. The characteristics of scientific research are that firstly, we would have to create a hypothesis about the relationship between two variables. Second characteristic is that by using the hypothesis, we would have to test it through a series of propositions.Thirdly, we would have to examine the logic of the hypothesis by comparing them with existing hypothesis relating to our hypothesis. Fourth, we would have to collect appropriate data to measure the variables. Fifth, if the results of the analysis are not consistent with the problems, the hypothesis is rejected and the theory is false. Lastly, if the results are consistent then the theory is true. 3. Problem statement is analyzing the problems related to the hypothesis. By asking the correct problem statements, we can ensure that we can relate the problems to the hypothesis. Factors Influencing Customer Satisfaction Course: Research Methodology (BT21603) Lecturer: Dr. Zakariya Belkhamza Name of Members| Matrix Numbers| Signatures| Rachael Ubu| BB11110489| | Nurul Hidayah Binti Ariff| BB11110460| | Annie Thien Li Len| BB11110055| | Nicole Chow Soo Yee| BB11110372| | Surianti Binti Abidin| BB11110579| | Khuzaimah Binti Mohd Nurung| BB11110242| | Jazmiah Jamaluddin| BB11110209| | Mazlinah Binti Majid| BB11110310| | Siti Munirah Bte Abd Malik| BB11160816| | Wang Qin| BB11170684| | 1. 0 Research Topic Factors that affect customer satisfaction in the hotel industry. 2. 0 Research BackgroundThe English word â€Å"hotel† derives from the French word hotel (coming from hote meaning host). It refers to a townhouse which is any building that is frequented by seeing visitors. A hotel is an establishment which provides lodging for a paid short term basis. Kotler (1996) defined customer satisfaction as â€Å"the level of a person’s felt state resulting from comparing a product’s perceive d performance or outcome in violation to his/her own expectations. † The importance of this study is to gain knowledge on customer satisfaction and the problems resulting in lack of customer satisfaction in the hotel industry.According to Alex Hisaka (2011), the importance of customer satisfaction can have an impact on your business and if you don’t start paying attention you’ll lose an opportunity to make a customer happy. Customer satisfaction with hotel properties has been identified as one of the factors leading to the success of a tourist destination (Shih, 1986; Yau and Chan, 1990; Stevens, 1992; Mok et al. , 1995). Research into customer satisfaction in the service industry has increased dramatically in recent years (Peterson and Wilson, 1992). Customer satisfaction has long been an rea of interest in academic research. Hunt (1975) considers satisfaction an evaluation on which the customer have experienced with the services is at least as good as it suppos ed to be. For demographic characteristic, nearly 46 percent of the respondents had stay at Medium- Tariff hotels, 42 percent at High-Tariff â€Å"B† hotels and 12 percent at High-Tariff â€Å"A† hotels. The finding clearly demonstrates that the services encounter or customer-employee interaction is a major determinant affecting travels’ perceptions in relation to service quality, resulting in their likelihood of returning to the same hotel. . 0 Customer Satisfaction Customer Satisfaction * Service Quality * Room Quality * Service Quality * Room Quality Research Framework 4. 1 Research Problem Hotel industries nowadays are facing one of the most important challenge is to provide and maintain customer satisfaction. Kandampully (2000) Service quality has become a factor important in the overall tourism experience and one which ultimately dictates the success of the tourism business. According to Lewis and Booms (1982), service quality is measure of how well the ser vice delivered matches customer’s expectations.A part from that, room qualities also becomes a factor that can influence customer satisfaction in the hotel industry. Room qualities are important considerations for travel in-lodging selection. It includes cleanliness of room, comfort of bed, and quality of in-room temperature control and quietness of room. (Knutson, 1988; Barsky and Labagh, 1992; McClearly and Weaver, 1992; Gilbert and Morris, 1995; Heung et al. , 1996). Positive relationship can make a higher commitment of customers and increase their rate of return.Long term relationship between customers and hotel is becoming more important as the positive correlation between overall satisfaction levels of visitors and their abilty to return to the same hotel. Since most previous research found out that most study on customer satisfaction in hotel industry focused in Hong Kong, United States and other European countries, where there’s a lack of Malaysian study focusi ng in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Therefore, this research will focus on customer satisfaction in hotel industry in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. 4. 0 Research Objective 1.To investigate the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction 2. To investigate the relationship between room quality and customer satisfaction References 1. Choi T. C and Chu. R, 2001, determinant of hotel guests’ satisfaction and repeat patronage in the Hong Kong hotels history. 2. K. s. (kayne) Chan, 1998, journal of hospitality and tourism research. Tutorial 1 Research Methodology 1) What research is all about? 2) Describe the characteristic of scientific method (What is scientific research? ) 3) What is problem statement? How to write a problem statement Answers 1.Research is about doing or making a study in a specific area of interest. According to Saunders, research is defined as something that people undertake in order to find things out in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge. 2. Scientific research is the development of a theory that is then tested through a series of propositions. The characteristics of scientific research are that firstly, we would have to create a hypothesis about the relationship between two variables. Second characteristic is that by using the hypothesis, we would have to test it through a series of propositions.Thirdly, we would have to examine the logic of the hypothesis by comparing them with existing hypothesis relating to our hypothesis. Fourth, we would have to collect appropriate data to measure the variables. Fifth, if the results of the analysis are not consistent with the problems, the hypothesis is rejected and the theory is false. Lastly, if the results are consistent then the theory is true. 3. Problem statement is analyzing the problems related to the hypothesis. By asking the correct problem statements, we can ensure that we can relate the problems to the hypothesis.

The History and Purpose of The Animal Rights Movement Essay

As of today PETA is one group that is helping animals in barbaric situation like that of professional research laboratories. In these laboratories, the staff treats animals inhumanly where chemicals are poured onto the animal causing burns and sores. According to answers.com, animal rights are the rights to humane treatment claimed on behalf of animals, especially the right not to be exploited for human purposes. This movement in America traces its roots to the settlers. According to the US History Encyclopedia in 1641, Body of Liberties laws, Massachusetts Bay Colony Puritans came up with the first animal protection laws when they included two provisions prohibiting cruelty to animals. After the Civil war is when animal rights became a†¦show more content†¦Edward Taub in 1981 for abusive practices on monkeys at the federally funded institute for Behavioral Research; and (3) The 1984 release of the Animal Liberation Front’s documentary Unnecessary Fuss, which showed b aboons at the University of Pennsylvania being bashed in the head for experiments on trauma.† On one side of the issue is the people that are for all animals should have equal rights. This side believes that many other animals are able to think to some extent and are certainly able to feel pain therefore non-human animals should be accorded rights. According to Peter Singer, professor of philosophy and director at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia and best known for his book Animal Liberation, he says â€Å"‘When humans fail to measure the capacity of animals to suffer, they become guilty of ‘speciesism,’ an injustice parallel to racism and sexism (Animal Rights Opposing Viewpoints, 1996).’† This fact is not to say that all animals must be equal, it does mean that all animals should given equal consideration. Animals deserve the rights to have an equal claim on life, and not treated badly or subject to cruel acts. The other side that does not believe in equal treatment feel that â€Å"‘whenever one species of life is demonstrably more rich and developed than the other species, the former is always more valuable than the latter (AnimalShow MoreRelatedSynthetic Biology? 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